Gora Mboup - Academia.edu (2024)

UN Habitat, Dec 1, 2021

Smart Metropolitan Regional Development, 2018

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

Togo s Demographic and Health Survey of 1998 (EDST-II) is a national survey-based study providing... more Togo s Demographic and Health Survey of 1998 (EDST-II) is a national survey-based study providing detailed data on fertility nuptiality family planning maternal and infant health the nutritional status of children and mothers and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. These data are representative at the national residence and regional levels. During the course of the study conducted in the field in Togo from February 8 to May 18 1998 7517 households 8569 women aged 15-49 years and 3819 men aged 15-59 were successfully interviewed. The study found that 48% of Togo s population is under 15 years old and only 4% is at least 65 years old. On average households were comprised of 5.4 persons. Overall 15% and 53% of the households had electricity and access to drinking water respectively. EDST-II results are presented on the characteristics of the country and the organization of the study households and respondents characteristics fertility family planning nuptiality and exp...

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

This chapter focuses on the Social Development dimensions of smart cities, composed of elements o... more This chapter focuses on the Social Development dimensions of smart cities, composed of elements of health and education. Healthy workers are more productive, and bring greater income to families and higher levels of economic growth for nations, and, in turn, enhance smart economy. First the chapter focuses on health considering that a healthy population is critical to realizing any social and economic development. Then the chapter concentrates on Education, which is critical to meeting the challenges of smart city, as it connects people to new approaches, solutions and technologies that enable them to identify, clarify and tackle local and global problems. When education and health are combined, undoubtedly they contribute significantly to human development. In both these critical dimensions, African cities have made significant progress during these past twenty years, and continue to do so as we progress through the 21st century.

Smart Metropolitan Regional Development, 2018

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

Cities grow in population size as well as in land use. This chapter assesses the spatial growth o... more Cities grow in population size as well as in land use. This chapter assesses the spatial growth of city and how populations are spatially distributed. It assesses the spatial growth of cities and how populations are spatially distributed in terms of density, compactness and land use (infill, extension, inclusion and leapfrogging). While the population of the city has been well researched and presented in the tradition of the UN Population Division to update the urban levels and trends and city growth in its yearly publication titled: World Urbanization Prospects, few studies provide sufficient accurate information on spatial growth of cities in different periods. Little was known on the spatial growth of cities until recently with the development and use of GIS technologies. The chapter will also analyse land tenure and the provision of basic infrastructures such as water, sanitation in African cities. It will also introduce the concept and measurement of a smart city foundation. A ...

In 1998 the government of Togo conducted a second Demographic and Health Survey in Togo (EDST-II)... more In 1998 the government of Togo conducted a second Demographic and Health Survey in Togo (EDST-II) to cover the entire country with the goal of providing data on key demographic and health indicators as well as on family planning sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. The preliminary results of the EDST-II are presented. The study was conducted at the national level in 1998 by the Statistics Office of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development and covered a national sample of 8569 women aged 15-49 years and 3819 men aged 15-59 years in 7517 households successfully surveyed. These collected data form a solid information base upon which maternal-child health and family well-being programs can be built in the years ahead. Survey data are presented on the sample coverage sociodemographic characteristics of those surveyed fertility knowledge and use of contraception the desire to bear additional children prenatal care and delivery assistance vaccinations diarrhea and oral rehydrat...

Habitat debate, 2005

Not enough is being done to gather street and house-hold-level statistics in slums and other urba... more Not enough is being done to gather street and house-hold-level statistics in slums and other urban pockets of poverty to implement the slum target of the Millennium Declaration. This is because country reports average out the figures they gather from all urban households both rich and poor to provide single estimates on poverty education health employment and the state of human settlements. Thus the plight of the urban poor is underestimated. It is further masked by the practice of simply providing averages between urban and rural areas. For instance Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 20 African countries between 2000-2003 showed that children living in poor urban areas are as exposed to high morbidity and malnutrition as those in rural areas. The Nigeria data showed that malnutrition was higher in slums than in rural areas (38% versus 32%). (excerpt)

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

This chapter presents the historical place of the urban setting that has shaped various social, e... more This chapter presents the historical place of the urban setting that has shaped various social, economic and political transformations in Africa. It presents several examples of African cities that existed in the pre-colonial period. It also shows how the African urban space remarkably changes during the colonial period both quantitatively and qualitatively. Some pre-colonial African cities were overtaken by colonial cities along with a significant change in terms of urban planning and provision of basic infrastructure. After independence of African countries, urbanization has accelerated with the apparition of large cities, but with the influence of the colonial urban planning. Today over half a billion of African population live in urban areas. This African urban population is projected to reach 1 billion in 2040 and 1.5 billion in 2050.

The 1994-1995 Demographic and Health Survey of the Central African Republic (CAR) showed that mos... more The 1994-1995 Demographic and Health Survey of the Central African Republic (CAR) showed that most women lived in a rural area (57.4%) had never attended school (51.6%) and were less than 30 years old (58.5%). Fertility of women aged 15-49 years was 5.1. 25.1% of all women had no children. 8.1% of women aged 40-49 years had no children. 76% of all women knew at least one contraceptive method. Modern methods were more known than traditional methods (68% vs. 56%). The most commonly known modern methods were condoms (59%) female sterilization (47%) pills (45%) and injectables (36%). 35.4% had used a contraceptive method. 12.2% of all women had used a modern method especially condoms. 14.1% were currently using a method especially one of the traditional methods. The most frequently used modern method was the pill. The most commonly used traditional method was periodic abstinence. 93.7% of men knew at least one modern method. 5.4% currently depended on a modern method. 4.2% currently use...

Urban Planet, 2018

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

This chapter presents the opportunities offered by the ICT revolution in the making of digitally ... more This chapter presents the opportunities offered by the ICT revolution in the making of digitally connected cities, which manifests in the rise of urban centers—towns of less than 1 million people. It presents a new form of urbanization, the digital urbanization, where digitally connected towns offer urban advantages traditionally only found in big cities with high densities, such as economies of scale, agglomeration of economies, diffusion of ideas and innovation, and participation in political affairs. The digital urbanization is illustrated through the initiative of the Government of Senegal to create new urban centers to decongest the agglomeration of Dakar which are trapped in frequent flood disasters and continuous traffic congestion among many other urban issues.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, Smart ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience, and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. Infrastructure development has several elements across various social, economic and environmental dimensions. Here, our analysis focuses on those connecting people to several categories of services, particularly transport and ICT infrastructures. The first section analyses the classical option of connecting people to services through non-motorized means or motorized means of transport. The interaction between the development of urban spatial patterns and transport is thus a key factor shaping accessibility in cities both in physical and in socioeconomic terms. To access to services such as work, to the health centers, to the school or to the market among several other destinations, the share of motorized means is 40 % (public an private) compared to 60 % for the non-motorized means, mainly by walking. The public transport sector is predominantly informal (95 % against 5 % for the formal sector). Turning informal transport sector challenges to opportunities in the smart city making is a call along with the enhancement of the public sector with the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and other higher efficient means of public transport. In the absence of affordable, reliable public transport, the poor are no choice rather walking to access to services. It is urgent to make streets friendly to pedestrians with sufficient public spaces for social interactions. Today, it is recognized that the information and communication technology (ICT) development is an important enabler of accessing to services and must be integrated in the planning and management of transport systems. For these past 15 years, the Senegalese government has taken various steps to create an environment favorable to the development and use of ICT at all levels. It has created legal institutional framework to support regulatory mechanisms on the development and use of ICT and has also introduced ICT platforms such as E-Governance, E-Education, E-infrastructure and supports education and training on ICT. The second presents different forms of ICT infrastructures in the creation of smart, digital city.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, Smart ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. This chapter focuses on one of the dimensions of smart cities, the Social Development which is composed of elements of education, health, social inclusion, social capital, population dynamics and other variables. The first section of this chapter is on Education, which is critical to meeting the challenges of smart city, as it connects people to new approaches, solutions and technologies that enable them to identify, clarify and tackle local and global problems. The second section on health considering that healthy population is critical to realizing economic growth through increased productivity. Healthy workers are more productive, bringing greater income to families and higher levels of economic growth for nations, and then enhance. When education and health are combined, they contribute significantly to human development. In both dimensions, the agglomeration has Dakar as the rest of Senegal has made significant progress during these past twenty years. With the decline in fertility and mortality rates, the population of Dakar is marked by a massive youth population (with a median age of 23.2 years) that constitute a potential urban demographic dividend which is the focus of the third section. However, due to high unemployment rates, this demographic dividend has not been fully utilized; most young people are still depend to their parents, thanks to the high social capital in Dakar as in the rest of Senegal. The last section focuses on the social capital in Dakar expressed within the family as well as in the communities through public spaces and social media.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience, and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. A smart city foundation is composed of three elements: Urban Planning and Design, Land Policies and Basic Infrastructure. For a city foundation to be smart, it must be inclusive at the onset of the urban planning and promotes mixed neighborhoods where social clustering is discouraged. The chapter’s first section analyzes the planning of the city of Dakar, an agglomeration of 3.2 million people in 2015. During these past two centuries of growth of the agglomeration of Dakar, urban planning has served as a tool of social exclusion with poor living in unplanned wetland settlements characterized by lack of sufficient land allocated to streets and public spaces, and lack of security of tenure, the latter being the focus of the second section. These settlements are also characterized by insufficient coverage of basic infrastructure such as connection to piped water facilities, sewerage and drainage systems, energy source and solid management; this is analyzed in the third section. Building in unplanned wetlands without adequate drainage systems exposes the population of Dakar, particularly of the suburbs, to flooding that causes various material and financial damages and losses. The fourth section focuses on the flooding: occurrences, causes, consequences and responses. Today, national and local authorities are working together to make the city of Dakar a smart city through Urban and Territorial Development Programmes. Taking back the city of Dakar where it belongs, a green, smart city, will require transformative policies and actions including establishing new planned settlements and a re-planning of the city itself where agriculture activities and green spaces have their effective places. The Plan Directeur 2035 of Dakar as adopted in 2014 explores the foundations for sustainable urban development, with establishment of six new urban centers around the capital. The fifth section of this chapter focuses on analysis of several policies and programs initiated by national and local authorities under the ambitious program, the Senegal Emerging Plan “Plan Senegal Emergent,” aim to make a Dakar a smart city with a smart economy.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, Smart ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: infrastructure development, environmental sustainability, social development, social inclusion, disasters exposure, resilience, and peace and security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a smart economy. Infrastructure development has several elements across various social, economic and environmental dimensions. Cape Town’s historical apartheid growth has been characteristic of social, income and city foundation inequalities which have created uniquely distinct human settlements—rich suburbs with adequate services and opportunities, and poor and informal neighbourhoods with acute shortages in core urban services. Since the end of apartheid, Cape Town has however made deliberate and directed efforts to promote social inclusion through policy incentives, physical public and social space development, and promoting equitable access to basic services. The city has also invested heavily in smart growth alternatives which began with the formulation of a smart city strategy in 2000, and which has over the years entrenched smart growth aspects into most sectors of growth, and greatly enhanced efficiency and productivity of the urban system. Today, Cape Town is reaping on its massive investment in information and communication technologies, which have made it Africa’s premier international city supplying goods to many cities in the west and offering global business process outsourcing services. The city’s deliberate progression towards smart growth has opened huge economic activities for its residents, which will continue to reinforce its position as the Western Cape region’s economic powerhouse. This chapter discusses Cape Town’s growth as an apartheid city, its city foundation during and post-apartheid and the various targeted smart growth approaches adopted in the city over the last two decades as well as their outcome in creating an equitable and productive urban system.

UN Habitat, Dec 1, 2021

Smart Metropolitan Regional Development, 2018

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

Togo s Demographic and Health Survey of 1998 (EDST-II) is a national survey-based study providing... more Togo s Demographic and Health Survey of 1998 (EDST-II) is a national survey-based study providing detailed data on fertility nuptiality family planning maternal and infant health the nutritional status of children and mothers and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including AIDS. These data are representative at the national residence and regional levels. During the course of the study conducted in the field in Togo from February 8 to May 18 1998 7517 households 8569 women aged 15-49 years and 3819 men aged 15-59 were successfully interviewed. The study found that 48% of Togo s population is under 15 years old and only 4% is at least 65 years old. On average households were comprised of 5.4 persons. Overall 15% and 53% of the households had electricity and access to drinking water respectively. EDST-II results are presented on the characteristics of the country and the organization of the study households and respondents characteristics fertility family planning nuptiality and exp...

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

This chapter focuses on the Social Development dimensions of smart cities, composed of elements o... more This chapter focuses on the Social Development dimensions of smart cities, composed of elements of health and education. Healthy workers are more productive, and bring greater income to families and higher levels of economic growth for nations, and, in turn, enhance smart economy. First the chapter focuses on health considering that a healthy population is critical to realizing any social and economic development. Then the chapter concentrates on Education, which is critical to meeting the challenges of smart city, as it connects people to new approaches, solutions and technologies that enable them to identify, clarify and tackle local and global problems. When education and health are combined, undoubtedly they contribute significantly to human development. In both these critical dimensions, African cities have made significant progress during these past twenty years, and continue to do so as we progress through the 21st century.

Smart Metropolitan Regional Development, 2018

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

Cities grow in population size as well as in land use. This chapter assesses the spatial growth o... more Cities grow in population size as well as in land use. This chapter assesses the spatial growth of city and how populations are spatially distributed. It assesses the spatial growth of cities and how populations are spatially distributed in terms of density, compactness and land use (infill, extension, inclusion and leapfrogging). While the population of the city has been well researched and presented in the tradition of the UN Population Division to update the urban levels and trends and city growth in its yearly publication titled: World Urbanization Prospects, few studies provide sufficient accurate information on spatial growth of cities in different periods. Little was known on the spatial growth of cities until recently with the development and use of GIS technologies. The chapter will also analyse land tenure and the provision of basic infrastructures such as water, sanitation in African cities. It will also introduce the concept and measurement of a smart city foundation. A ...

In 1998 the government of Togo conducted a second Demographic and Health Survey in Togo (EDST-II)... more In 1998 the government of Togo conducted a second Demographic and Health Survey in Togo (EDST-II) to cover the entire country with the goal of providing data on key demographic and health indicators as well as on family planning sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. The preliminary results of the EDST-II are presented. The study was conducted at the national level in 1998 by the Statistics Office of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development and covered a national sample of 8569 women aged 15-49 years and 3819 men aged 15-59 years in 7517 households successfully surveyed. These collected data form a solid information base upon which maternal-child health and family well-being programs can be built in the years ahead. Survey data are presented on the sample coverage sociodemographic characteristics of those surveyed fertility knowledge and use of contraception the desire to bear additional children prenatal care and delivery assistance vaccinations diarrhea and oral rehydrat...

Habitat debate, 2005

Not enough is being done to gather street and house-hold-level statistics in slums and other urba... more Not enough is being done to gather street and house-hold-level statistics in slums and other urban pockets of poverty to implement the slum target of the Millennium Declaration. This is because country reports average out the figures they gather from all urban households both rich and poor to provide single estimates on poverty education health employment and the state of human settlements. Thus the plight of the urban poor is underestimated. It is further masked by the practice of simply providing averages between urban and rural areas. For instance Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 20 African countries between 2000-2003 showed that children living in poor urban areas are as exposed to high morbidity and malnutrition as those in rural areas. The Nigeria data showed that malnutrition was higher in slums than in rural areas (38% versus 32%). (excerpt)

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2019

This chapter presents the historical place of the urban setting that has shaped various social, e... more This chapter presents the historical place of the urban setting that has shaped various social, economic and political transformations in Africa. It presents several examples of African cities that existed in the pre-colonial period. It also shows how the African urban space remarkably changes during the colonial period both quantitatively and qualitatively. Some pre-colonial African cities were overtaken by colonial cities along with a significant change in terms of urban planning and provision of basic infrastructure. After independence of African countries, urbanization has accelerated with the apparition of large cities, but with the influence of the colonial urban planning. Today over half a billion of African population live in urban areas. This African urban population is projected to reach 1 billion in 2040 and 1.5 billion in 2050.

The 1994-1995 Demographic and Health Survey of the Central African Republic (CAR) showed that mos... more The 1994-1995 Demographic and Health Survey of the Central African Republic (CAR) showed that most women lived in a rural area (57.4%) had never attended school (51.6%) and were less than 30 years old (58.5%). Fertility of women aged 15-49 years was 5.1. 25.1% of all women had no children. 8.1% of women aged 40-49 years had no children. 76% of all women knew at least one contraceptive method. Modern methods were more known than traditional methods (68% vs. 56%). The most commonly known modern methods were condoms (59%) female sterilization (47%) pills (45%) and injectables (36%). 35.4% had used a contraceptive method. 12.2% of all women had used a modern method especially condoms. 14.1% were currently using a method especially one of the traditional methods. The most frequently used modern method was the pill. The most commonly used traditional method was periodic abstinence. 93.7% of men knew at least one modern method. 5.4% currently depended on a modern method. 4.2% currently use...

Urban Planet, 2018

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

This chapter presents the opportunities offered by the ICT revolution in the making of digitally ... more This chapter presents the opportunities offered by the ICT revolution in the making of digitally connected cities, which manifests in the rise of urban centers—towns of less than 1 million people. It presents a new form of urbanization, the digital urbanization, where digitally connected towns offer urban advantages traditionally only found in big cities with high densities, such as economies of scale, agglomeration of economies, diffusion of ideas and innovation, and participation in political affairs. The digital urbanization is illustrated through the initiative of the Government of Senegal to create new urban centers to decongest the agglomeration of Dakar which are trapped in frequent flood disasters and continuous traffic congestion among many other urban issues.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, Smart ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience, and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. Infrastructure development has several elements across various social, economic and environmental dimensions. Here, our analysis focuses on those connecting people to several categories of services, particularly transport and ICT infrastructures. The first section analyses the classical option of connecting people to services through non-motorized means or motorized means of transport. The interaction between the development of urban spatial patterns and transport is thus a key factor shaping accessibility in cities both in physical and in socioeconomic terms. To access to services such as work, to the health centers, to the school or to the market among several other destinations, the share of motorized means is 40 % (public an private) compared to 60 % for the non-motorized means, mainly by walking. The public transport sector is predominantly informal (95 % against 5 % for the formal sector). Turning informal transport sector challenges to opportunities in the smart city making is a call along with the enhancement of the public sector with the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and other higher efficient means of public transport. In the absence of affordable, reliable public transport, the poor are no choice rather walking to access to services. It is urgent to make streets friendly to pedestrians with sufficient public spaces for social interactions. Today, it is recognized that the information and communication technology (ICT) development is an important enabler of accessing to services and must be integrated in the planning and management of transport systems. For these past 15 years, the Senegalese government has taken various steps to create an environment favorable to the development and use of ICT at all levels. It has created legal institutional framework to support regulatory mechanisms on the development and use of ICT and has also introduced ICT platforms such as E-Governance, E-Education, E-infrastructure and supports education and training on ICT. The second presents different forms of ICT infrastructures in the creation of smart, digital city.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, Smart ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. This chapter focuses on one of the dimensions of smart cities, the Social Development which is composed of elements of education, health, social inclusion, social capital, population dynamics and other variables. The first section of this chapter is on Education, which is critical to meeting the challenges of smart city, as it connects people to new approaches, solutions and technologies that enable them to identify, clarify and tackle local and global problems. The second section on health considering that healthy population is critical to realizing economic growth through increased productivity. Healthy workers are more productive, bringing greater income to families and higher levels of economic growth for nations, and then enhance. When education and health are combined, they contribute significantly to human development. In both dimensions, the agglomeration has Dakar as the rest of Senegal has made significant progress during these past twenty years. With the decline in fertility and mortality rates, the population of Dakar is marked by a massive youth population (with a median age of 23.2 years) that constitute a potential urban demographic dividend which is the focus of the third section. However, due to high unemployment rates, this demographic dividend has not been fully utilized; most young people are still depend to their parents, thanks to the high social capital in Dakar as in the rest of Senegal. The last section focuses on the social capital in Dakar expressed within the family as well as in the communities through public spaces and social media.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Disasters Exposure, Resilience, and Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. A smart city foundation is composed of three elements: Urban Planning and Design, Land Policies and Basic Infrastructure. For a city foundation to be smart, it must be inclusive at the onset of the urban planning and promotes mixed neighborhoods where social clustering is discouraged. The chapter’s first section analyzes the planning of the city of Dakar, an agglomeration of 3.2 million people in 2015. During these past two centuries of growth of the agglomeration of Dakar, urban planning has served as a tool of social exclusion with poor living in unplanned wetland settlements characterized by lack of sufficient land allocated to streets and public spaces, and lack of security of tenure, the latter being the focus of the second section. These settlements are also characterized by insufficient coverage of basic infrastructure such as connection to piped water facilities, sewerage and drainage systems, energy source and solid management; this is analyzed in the third section. Building in unplanned wetlands without adequate drainage systems exposes the population of Dakar, particularly of the suburbs, to flooding that causes various material and financial damages and losses. The fourth section focuses on the flooding: occurrences, causes, consequences and responses. Today, national and local authorities are working together to make the city of Dakar a smart city through Urban and Territorial Development Programmes. Taking back the city of Dakar where it belongs, a green, smart city, will require transformative policies and actions including establishing new planned settlements and a re-planning of the city itself where agriculture activities and green spaces have their effective places. The Plan Directeur 2035 of Dakar as adopted in 2014 explores the foundations for sustainable urban development, with establishment of six new urban centers around the capital. The fifth section of this chapter focuses on analysis of several policies and programs initiated by national and local authorities under the ambitious program, the Senegal Emerging Plan “Plan Senegal Emergent,” aim to make a Dakar a smart city with a smart economy.

Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements, 2016

A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-cen... more A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, Smart ICT and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the seven dimensions of a smart city: infrastructure development, environmental sustainability, social development, social inclusion, disasters exposure, resilience, and peace and security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a smart economy. Infrastructure development has several elements across various social, economic and environmental dimensions. Cape Town’s historical apartheid growth has been characteristic of social, income and city foundation inequalities which have created uniquely distinct human settlements—rich suburbs with adequate services and opportunities, and poor and informal neighbourhoods with acute shortages in core urban services. Since the end of apartheid, Cape Town has however made deliberate and directed efforts to promote social inclusion through policy incentives, physical public and social space development, and promoting equitable access to basic services. The city has also invested heavily in smart growth alternatives which began with the formulation of a smart city strategy in 2000, and which has over the years entrenched smart growth aspects into most sectors of growth, and greatly enhanced efficiency and productivity of the urban system. Today, Cape Town is reaping on its massive investment in information and communication technologies, which have made it Africa’s premier international city supplying goods to many cities in the west and offering global business process outsourcing services. The city’s deliberate progression towards smart growth has opened huge economic activities for its residents, which will continue to reinforce its position as the Western Cape region’s economic powerhouse. This chapter discusses Cape Town’s growth as an apartheid city, its city foundation during and post-apartheid and the various targeted smart growth approaches adopted in the city over the last two decades as well as their outcome in creating an equitable and productive urban system.